If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface respectively is $${\phi _1}$$ and $${\phi _2},$$ the electric charge inside the surface will be

A sheet of aluminium foil of negligible thickness is introduced between the plates of a capacitor. The capacitance of the capacitor

A thin spherical conducting shell of radius $$R$$ has a charge $$q.$$ Another charge $$Q$$ is placed at the center of the shell. The electrostatic potential at a point $$P$$ a distance $${R \over 2}$$ from the center of the shell is

The work done in placing a charge of $$8 \times {10^{ - 18}}$$ coulomb on a condenser of capacity $$100$$ micro-farad is