o–Nitrophenol is more volatile in steam than those of m – and p–isomers

o–Nitrophenol shows Intramolecular H–bonding

o–Nitrophenol shows Intermolecular H–bonding

Melting point of o–Nitrophenol is lower than those of m–and p–isomers.

$$CO_3^{2-}$$ and $$NO_3^-$$

$$PCl_4^{+}$$ and $$SiCl_4$$

PF₅ and BrF₅

$$AlF_6^-$$ and $$SF_6$$

1 + RT/pb

1

1 + pb/RT

1–pb/RT

$${{\Delta {G_{system}}} \over {\Delta {S_{total}}}} = - T$$

In isothermal process $${w_{reversible}}$$ = $$ - nRT\,\ln \,{{{V_f}} \over {{V_i}}}$$

In $$K\, = {{\Delta {H^o} - T\Delta {S^o}} \over {RT}}$$

$$K\, = \,{e^{ - \Delta {G^o}/RT}}$$