In a semiconductor $p$-n diode, the doping concentrations on $p$-side and $n$-side are $10^{15}$ atoms $/ \mathrm{cm}^3$ and $10^{18}$ atoms $/ \mathrm{cm}^3$, respectively. Which one of the following statements is true?

For the given logic circuit, which of the following inputs combination will make both LED-1 and LED-2 to glow?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason $\mathbf{R}$

Assertion A : A diode under reverse-biased condition provides very small current which is nearly independent of voltage until a critical limit at which the current increases drastically.

Reason R : Below the critical voltage limit, only majority charge carriers flow which increases drastically above critical voltage.

choose the correct answer from the options given below

Two 4 bits binary numbers, $A=1101$ and $B=1010$ are given in the inputs of a logic circuit shown in figure below. The output $(Y)$ will be :