Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A : Photodiodes are preferably operated in reverse bias condition for light intensity measurement.

Reason R : The current in the forward bias is more than the current in the reverse bias for a $$p-n$$ junction diode.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :

An n.p.n transistor with current gain $$\beta=100$$ in common emitter configuration is shown in figure. The output voltage of the amplifier will be

Identify the solar cell characteristics from the following options :

For a constant collector-emitter voltage of $$8 \mathrm{~V}$$, the collector current of a transistor reached to the value of $$6 \mathrm{~mA}$$ from $$4 \mathrm{~mA}$$, whereas base current changed from $$20 \,\mu \mathrm{A}$$ to $$25 \,\mu \mathrm{A}$$ value. If transistor is in active state, small signal current gain (current amplification factor) will be :