Statement I : When a Si sample is doped with Boron, it becomes P type and when doped by Arsenic it becomes N-type semi conductor such that P-type has excess holes and N-type has excess electrons.

Statement II : When such P-type and N-type semi-conductors, are fused to make a junction, a current will automatically flow which can be detected with an externally connected ameter.

In the light of above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A : Photodiodes are used in forward bias usually for measuring the light intensity.

Reason R : For a p-n junction diode, at applied voltage V the current in the forward bias is more than the current in the reverse bias for $$\mathrm{|{V_z}| > \pm v \ge |{v_0}|}$$ where $$\mathrm{v_0}$$ is the threshold voltage and $$\mathrm{V_z}$$ is the breakdown voltage.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below

The logic gate equivalent to the given circuit diagram is :

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A : Photodiodes are preferably operated in reverse bias condition for light intensity measurement.

Reason R : The current in the forward bias is more than the current in the reverse bias for a $$p-n$$ junction diode.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :