A thin spherical shell of radius $$R$$ has charge $$Q$$ spread uniformly over its surface. Which of the following graphs most closely represents the electric field $$E(r)$$ produced by the shell in the range $$0 \le r < \infty ,$$ where $$r$$ is the distance from the center of the shell?

Shown in the figure below is a meter-bridge set up with null deflection in the galvanometer.

The value of the unknown resister $$R$$ is

Consider a block of conducting material of resistivity $$'\rho '$$ shown in the figure. Current $$'I'$$ enters at $$'A'$$ and leaves from $$'D'$$. We apply superposition principle to find voltage $$'\Delta V'$$ developed between $$'B'$$ and $$'C'$$. The calculation is done in the following steps:
(i) Take current $$'I'$$ entering from $$'A'$$ and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field $$E(r)$$ at distance $$'r'$$ from A by using Ohm's law $$E = \rho j,$$ where $$j$$ is the current per unit area at $$'r'$$.
(iii) From the $$'r'$$ dependence of $$E(r)$$, obtain the potential $$V(r)$$ at $$r$$.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current $$'I'$$ leaving $$'D'$$ and superpose results for $$'A'$$ and $$'D'.$$

For current entering at $$A,$$ the electric field at a distance $$'r'$$ from $$A$$ is

Consider a block of conducting material of resistivity $$'\rho '$$ shown in the figure. Current $$'I'$$ enters at $$'A'$$ and leaves from $$'D'$$. We apply superposition principle to find voltage $$'\Delta V'$$ developed between $$'B'$$ and $$'C'$$. The calculation is done in the following steps:
(i) Take current $$'I'$$ entering from $$'A'$$ and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field $$E(r)$$ at distance $$'r'$$ from A by using Ohm's law $$E = \rho j,$$ where $$j$$ is the current per unit area at $$'r'$$.
(iii) From the $$'r'$$ dependence of $$E(r)$$, obtain the potential $$V(r)$$ at $$r$$.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current $$'I'$$ leaving $$'D'$$ and superpose results for $$'A'$$ and $$'D'.$$

$$\Delta V$$ measured between $$B$$ and $$C$$ is