If the difference between the roots of the equation $${x^2} + ax + 1 = 0$$ is less than $$\sqrt 5 ,$$ then the set of possible values of $$a$$ is

If $$\,\left| {z + 4} \right|\,\, \le \,\,3\,$$, then the maximum value of $$\left| {z + 1} \right|$$ is :

Let $$L$$ be the line of intersection of the planes $$2x+3y+z=1$$ and $$x+3y+2z=2.$$ If $$L$$ makes an angle $$\alpha $$ with the positive $$x$$-axis, then cos $$\alpha $$ equals

If $${M_O}$$ is the mass of an oxygen isotope $${}_8{O^{17}}$$ , $${M_p}$$ and $${M_N}$$ are the masses of a proton and neutron respectively, the nuclear binding energy of the isotope is