To get an output of 1 from the circuit shown in figure the input must be :

The ratio (R) of output resistance r₀, and the input resistance ri in measurements of input and output characteristics of a transistor is typically in the range:

An experiment is performed to determine the I - V characteristics of a Zener diode, which has a protective resistance of R = 100 $$\Omega $$, and a maximum power of dissipation rating of 1 W. The minimum voltage range of the DC source in the circuit is :

An unknown transistor needs to be identified as a npn or pnp type. A multimeter, with + ve and − ve terminals, is used to measure resistance between different terminals of transistor. If terminal 2 is the base of the transistor then which of the following is correct for a pnp transistor ?