A compressive force, F is applied at the two ends of a long thin steel rod. It is heated, simultaneously, such that its temperature increases by $$\Delta $$T. The net change in its length is zero. Let $$\ell $$ be the length of the rod, A its area of cross-section,Y its Young’s modulus, and $$\alpha $$ its coefficient of linear expansion. Then, F is equal to :

In an experiment, a sphere of aluminium of mass 0.20 kg is heated upto 150^oC. Immediately, it is put into water of volume 150 cc at 27^oC kept in a calorimeter of water equivalent to 0.025 kg. Final temperature of the system is 40^oC. The specific heat of aluminium is : (take 4.2 Joule = 1 calorie)

A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the system is found to be 75^oC. T is given by: (Given : room temperature = 30^oC, specific heat of copper = 0.1 cal/gm^oC)

An external pressure P is applied on a cube at 0^oC so that it is equally compressed from all sides. K is the bulk modulus of the material of the cube and $$\alpha$$ is its coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we want to bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature should be raised by: