The coordinates of a particle with respect to origin in a given reference frame is (1, 1, 1) meters. If a force of $\vec{F} = \hat{i} - \hat{j} + \hat{k}$ acts on the particle, then the magnitude of torque (with respect to origin) in z-direction is __________.

Two light beams fall on a transparent material block at point 1 and 2 with angle $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$, respectively, as shown in figure. After refraction, the beams intersect at point 3 which is exactly on the interface at other end of the block. Given : the distance between 1 and 2, $\mathrm{d}=4 \sqrt{3} \mathrm{~cm}$ and $\theta_1=\theta_2=\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{n_2}{2 n_1}\right)$. where refractive index of the block $n_2>$ refractive index of the outside medium $\mathrm{n}_1$, then the thickness of the block is ______ cm .

In a hydraulic lift, the surface area of the input piston is 6 cm² and that of the output piston is 1500 cm². If 100 N force is applied to the input piston to raise the output piston by 20 cm, then the work done is _______ kJ.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : Emission of electrons in photoelectric effect can be suppressed by applying a sufficiently negative electron potential to the photoemissive substance.

Reason (R) : A negative electric potential, which stops the emission of electrons from the surface of a photoemissive substance, varies linearly with frequency of incident radiation.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :