An alpha nucleus of energy $${1 \over 2}m{v^2}$$ bombards a heavy nuclear target of charge $$Ze$$. Then the distance of closest approach for the alpha nucleus will be proportional to

The time taken by a photoelectron to come out after the photon strikes is approximately

If the ratio of the concentration of electrons to that of holes in a semiconductor is $${7 \over 5}$$ and the ratio of currents is $${7 \over 4},$$ then what is the ratio of their drift velocities?

When $${}_3L{i^7}$$ nuclei are bombarded by protons, and the resultant nuclei are $${}_4B{e^8}$$, the emitted particles will be