Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : $$\alpha$$-halocarboxylic acid on reaction with dil. $$\mathrm{NH_3}$$ gives good yield of $$\alpha$$-amino carboxylic acid whereas the yield of amines is very low when prepared from alkyl halides.

Reason (R) : Amino acids exist in zwitter ion form in aqueous medium.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : $$\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$$ in water is more stable than $$\mathrm{Cu^{+}}$$.

Reason (R) : Enthalpy of hydration for $$\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$$ is much less than that of $$\mathrm{Cu^{+}}$$.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :

The effect of addition of helium gas to the following reaction in equilibrium state, is :

$$\mathrm{PCl}_{5}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{PCl}_{3}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mathrm{g})$$

Which one of the following sets of ions represents a collection of isoelectronic species?

(Given : Atomic Number : $$\mathrm{F:9,Cl:17,Na=11,Mg=12,Al=13,K=19,Ca=20,Sc=21}$$)