An amplitude modulated wave is represented by the expression
v_m = 5(1 + 0.6 cos 6280t) sin(211 × 10⁴ t) volts
The minimum and maximum amplitudes of the amplitude modulated wave are, respectively

A plane electromagnetic wave, has
frequency of 2.0 $$ \times $$ 10¹⁰ Hz and its energy density is 1.02 $$ \times $$ 10^–8 J/m³ in vacuum. The amplitude of the magnetic field of the wave is close to
( $${1 \over {4\pi {\varepsilon _0}}} = 9 \times {10^9}{{N{m^2}} \over {{C^2}}}$$ and speed of light
= 3 $$ \times $$ 10⁸ ms^–1)

A uniform cylinder of mass M and radius R is to be pulled over a step of height a (a < R) by applying a force F at its centre ‘O’ perpendicular to the plane through the axes of the cylinder on the edge of the step (see figure). The minimum value of F required is :

Two identical strings X and Z made of same material have tension T_X and T_Z in them. If their fundamental frequencies are 450 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively, then the ratio T_X/T_Z is