The resistance of hot tungsten filament is about $$10$$ times the cold resistance. What will be resistance of $$100$$ $$W$$ and $$200$$ $$V$$ lamp when not in use ?

The thermo $$emf$$ of a thermocouple varies with temperature $$\theta $$ of the hot junction as $$E = a\theta + b{\theta ^2}$$ in volts where the ratio $$a/b$$ is $${700^ \circ }C.$$ If the cold junction is kept at $${0^ \circ }C,$$ then the neutral temperature is

An electric current is passed through a circuit containing two wires of the same material, connected in parallel. If the lengths and radii are in the ratio of $${4 \over 3}$$ and $${2 \over 3}$$, then the ratio of the current passing through the wires will be

The Kirchhoff's first law $$\left( {\sum i = 0} \right)$$ and second law $$\left( {\sum iR = \sum E} \right),$$ where the symbols have their usual meanings, are respectively based on