Consider a block of conducting material of resistivity $$'\rho '$$ shown in the figure. Current $$'I'$$ enters at $$'A'$$ and leaves from $$'D'$$. We apply superposition principle to find voltage $$'\Delta V'$$ developed between $$'B'$$ and $$'C'$$. The calculation is done in the following steps:
(i) Take current $$'I'$$ entering from $$'A'$$ and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field $$E(r)$$ at distance $$'r'$$ from A by using Ohm's law $$E = \rho j,$$ where $$j$$ is the current per unit area at $$'r'$$.
(iii) From the $$'r'$$ dependence of $$E(r)$$, obtain the potential $$V(r)$$ at $$r$$.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current $$'I'$$ leaving $$'D'$$ and superpose results for $$'A'$$ and $$'D'.$$

$$\Delta V$$ measured between $$B$$ and $$C$$ is

A $$5V$$ battery with internal resistance $$2\Omega $$ and a $$2V$$ battery with internal resistance $$1\Omega $$ are connected to a $$10\Omega $$ resistor as shown in the figure.

The current in the $$10\Omega $$ resistor is

The resistance of a wire is $$5$$ ohm at $${50^ \circ }C$$ and $$6$$ ohm at $${100^ \circ }C.$$ The resistance of the wire at $${0^ \circ }C$$ will be

A thermocouple is made from two metals, Antimony and Bismuth. If one junction of the couple is kept hot and the other is kept cold, then, an electric current will