As shown in the diagram, when the incident ray is parallel to base of the prism, the emergent ray grazes along the second surface.

If refractive index of the material of prism is $\sqrt{2}$, the angle $\theta$ of prism is.

A convex lens of focal length 30 cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. An object is placed at 20 cm to the left of this lens system. The distance of the image from the lens in cm is ________.

A concave-convex lens of refractive index 1.5 and the radii of curvature of its surfaces are 30 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The concave surface is upwards and is filled with a liquid of refractive index 1.3. The focal length of the liquid-glass combination will be

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Refractive index of glass is higher than that of air.

Reason (R): Optical density of a medium is directly proportionate to its mass density which results in a proportionate refractive index.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: