If fixed positive charges are present in the gate oxide of an n-channel enhancement type MOSFET, it will lead to

In the following circuit employing pass transistor logic, all NMOS transistors are identical with a threshold voltage of 1 V. Ignoring the body-effect, the output voltages at P, Q and R are,

In MOSFET fabrication, the channel length is defined during the process of

In CMOS technology, shallow P-well or N-well regions can be formed using