If fixed positive charges are present in the gate oxide of an n-channel enhancement type MOSFET, it will lead to

In the following circuit employing pass transistor logic, all NMOS transistors are identical with a threshold voltage of 1 V. Ignoring the body-effect, the output voltages at P, Q and R are,

In a MOSFET operating in the saturation region, the channel length modulation effect causes

In IC technology, dry oxidation (using dry oxygen) as compared to wet oxidation (using steam or water vapor) produces