If the incident ray on a surface is along the unit vector $$\widehat v\,\,,$$ the reflected ray is along the unit vector $$\widehat w\,\,$$ and the normal is along unit vector $$\widehat a\,\,$$ outwards. Express $$\widehat w\,\,$$ in terms of $$\widehat a\,\,$$ and $$\widehat v\,\,.$$

If $$\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b ,\overrightarrow c $$ and $$\overrightarrow d $$ are distinct vectors such that
$$\,\overrightarrow a \times \overrightarrow c = \overrightarrow b \times \overrightarrow d $$ and $$\overrightarrow a \times \overrightarrow b = \overrightarrow c \times \overrightarrow d \,.$$ Prove that
$$\left( {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow d } \right).\left( {\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow c } \right) \ne 0\,\,i.e.\,\,\,\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow d .\overrightarrow c \ne \overrightarrow d .\overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow c $$

If $$\overrightarrow u ,\overrightarrow v ,\overrightarrow w ,$$ are three non-coplanar unit vectors and $$\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma $$ are the angles between $$\overrightarrow u $$ and $$\overrightarrow v $$ and $$\overrightarrow w ,$$ $$\overrightarrow w $$ and $$\overrightarrow u $$ respectively and $$\overrightarrow x ,\overrightarrow y ,\overrightarrow z ,$$ are unit vectors along the bisectors of the angles $$\alpha ,\,\,\beta ,\,\,\gamma $$ respectively. Prove that $$\,\left[ {\overrightarrow x \times \overrightarrow y \,\,\overrightarrow y \times \overrightarrow z \,\,\overrightarrow z \times \overrightarrow x } \right] = {1 \over {16}}{\left[ {\overrightarrow u \,\,\overrightarrow v \,\,\overrightarrow w } \right]^2}\,{\sec ^2}{\alpha \over 2}{\sec ^2}{\beta \over 2}{\sec ^2}{\gamma \over 2}.$$

Let $$V$$ be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors $$\overrightarrow a = {a_1}\widehat i + {a_2}\widehat j + {a_3}\widehat k,$$ $$\,\,\,\,\overrightarrow b = {b_1}\widehat i + {b_2}\widehat j + {b_3}\widehat k,$$ $$\,\,\,\,\,\overrightarrow c = {c_1}\widehat i + {c_2}\widehat j + {c_3}\widehat k.$$ where $$r=1, 2, 3,$$ are non-negative real numbers and $$\sum\limits_{r = 1}^3 {\left( {{a_r} + {b_r} + {c_r}} \right) = 3L,} $$ show that $$V \le {L^3}\,\,.$$