In the digital-to-Analog converter circuit shown in the figure below,
$${V_{R\,}}\, = \,10V$$ and $$R\, = \,10k\Omega $$

The voltage V₀ is

A 4-bit D/A converter is connected to a free-running 3-bit UP counter, as shown in the following figure. Which of the following waveforms will be observed at V₀=?

In the figure shown above, the ground has been shown by the symbol $$\nabla $$

The circuit shown in figure is a 4-bit DAC The input bits 0 and 1 are represented by 0 and 5 V respectively. The OP- AMP is ideal, but all the resistances and the 5V inputs have a tolerance of ±10%.
The specification (rounded to the nearest multiple of 5%) for the tolerance of the DAC is

For the 4 bit DAC shown in Figure, the output voltage $${V_0}$$ is