When liquid medicine of density $$\rho $$ is to be put in the eye, it is done with the help of a dropper. As the bulb on the top of the dropper is pressed, a drop forms at the opening of the dropper. We wish to estimate the size of the drop. We first assume that the drop formed at the opening is spherical because that requires a minimum increase in its surface energy. To determine the size, we calculate the net vertical force due to the surface tension T when the radius of the drop is R. When the force becomes smaller than the weight of the drop, the drop gets detached from the dropper.

If the radius of the opening of the dropper is $$r$$, the vertical force due to the surface tension on the drop of radius R (assuming $$r$$ << R) is

A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically $${1 \over {32}}$$ of its initial volume. If the initial temperature of the gas is T_i (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is a T_i, the value of $$a$$ is

A hollow pipe of length 0.8 m is closed at one end. At its open end a 0.5 m long uniform string is vibrating in its second harmonic and it resonates with the fundamental frequency of the pipe. If the tension in the wire is 50 N and the speed of sound is 320 ms⁻¹, the mass of the string is

A uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius $$R$$ carries uniform surface charge density of $$\sigma $$ per unit area. It is made of two hemispherical shells, held together by pressing them with force $$F$$ (see figure). $$F$$ is proportional to