In the following circuit, the comparator output is logic “I” if V₁ > V₂ and is logic “0” otherwise. The D/A conversion is done as per the relation $$${V_{DAC}} = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^3 {{2^{n - 1}}{b_n}\,\,} Volts,$$$ where b₃(MSB), b₂, b₁ and b₀ (LSB) are the counter outputs.

The counter starts from the clear state.

The stable reading of the LED display is

Which of the follwing Boolean expression correctly represents the relation between P, Q, R and M₁?

For the circuit shown in the following figure $${I_0}$$ - $${I_3}$$ are inputs to the 4:1 multiplexer R(MSB) and S are control bits. tHE OUTPUT Zcan be represented by

A uniform plane wave in the free space is normally incident on an infinitely thick dielectric slab (dielectric constant $${\varepsilon _r} = 9$$ ). The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is