Consider the Schmitt trigger circuit shown below.

A triangular wave which goes from -12V to 12V is applied to the inverting input of the OP-AMP. Assume that the output of the OP-AMP swings from +15V to -15V. The voltage at the non-inverting input switches between.

The Op-Amp circuit shown above represents a

Consider the following circuit using an ideal Op-Amp. The I-V characteristics of the diode is described by the relation $$$I = {I_0}\left[ {{e^{{V \over {VT}}}} - 1} \right], where \,{V_T}\,\, = \,\,25mV,{I_0}\,\, = 1 \mu {\rm A}$$$

and V is the voltage across the diode (taken as positive for forward bias). For an input voltage $${V_i}\,\, = \,\, - 1V,$$ the output voltage V₀ is

In the following transistor circuit, V_BE = 0.7V, r_e = 25m/I_E, $$\beta $$ and all the capacitances are very large.

The mid-band voltage gain of the amplifier is approximately