The Op-Amp circuit shown above represents a

Consider the following circuit using an ideal Op-Amp. The I-V characteristics of the diode is described by the relation $$$I = {I_0}\left[ {{e^{{V \over {VT}}}} - 1} \right], where \,{V_T}\,\, = \,\,25mV,{I_0}\,\, = 1 \mu {\rm A}$$$

and V is the voltage across the diode (taken as positive for forward bias). For an input voltage $${V_i}\,\, = \,\, - 1V,$$ the output voltage V₀ is

In the following transistor circuit, V_BE = 0.7V, r_e = 25m/I_E, $$\beta $$ and all the capacitances are very large.

The mid-band voltage gain of the amplifier is approximately

Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with probability of error being 'p'. To transit a bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The receiver will interpret the received sequence to represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The probability that the transmitted bit will be received in error is