Consider an impedance Z = R + jX marked with point P in an impedance Smith chart as shown in Fig. The movement from point P along a constant resistance circle in the clockwise direction by an angle $${45^ \circ }$$ is equivalent to

A lossless transmission line is terminated in a load which reflects a part of the incident power. The measured VSWR is 2. The percentage of the power that is reflected back is

A short-circuited stub is shunt connected to a transmission line as shown in Fig. If $${Z_0} = 50\,\,\Omega $$, the admittance Y seen at the junction of the stub and the transmission line is

In air, a lossless transmission line of length 50 cm with $$L = 10\,\mu H/m,\,\,C = 40\,\,pF/m$$ is operated at 25 MHz. Its electrical path length is