In a radioactive decay process, the activity is defined as $A=-\frac{d N}{d t}$, where $N(t)$ is the number of radioactive nuclei at time $t$. Two radioactive sources, $S_1$ and $S_2$ have same activity at time $t=0$. At a later time, the activities of $S_1$ and $S_2$ are $A_1$ and $A_2$, respectively. When $S_1$ and $S_2$ have just completed their $3^{\text {rd }}$ and $7^{\text {th }}$ half-lives, respectively, the ratio $A_1 / A_2$ is _________.

In a radioactive decay chain reaction, ${ }_{90}^{230} \mathrm{Th}$ nucleus decays into ${ }_{84}^{214} \mathrm{Po}$ nucleus. The ratio of the number of $\alpha$ to number of $\beta^{-}$particles emitted in this process is ________.

The minimum kinetic energy needed by an alpha particle to cause the nuclear reaction ${ }_{7}^{16} \mathrm{~N}+$ ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{8}^{19} \mathrm{O}$ in a laboratory frame is $n$ (in $M e V$. Assume that ${ }_{7}^{16} \mathrm{~N}$ is at rest in the laboratory frame. The masses of ${ }_{7}^{16} \mathrm{~N},{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He},{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and ${ }_{8}^{19} \mathrm{O}$ can be taken to be $16.006 u, 4.003 u, 1.008 u$ and $19.003 u$, respectively, where $1 u=930 \,\mathrm{MeVc}^{-2}$. The value of $n$ is ________ .

Suppose a $$_{88}^{226}Ra$$ nucleus at rest and in ground state undergoes $$\alpha $$-decay to a $$_{86}^{222}Rn$$ nucleus in its excited state. The kinetic energy of the emitted $$\alpha $$ particle is found to be 4.44 MeV. $$_{86}^{222}Rn$$ nucleus then goes to its ground state by $$\gamma $$-decay. The energy of the emitted $$\gamma $$ photon is ............ keV.

[Given : atomic mass of $$_{86}^{226}Ra$$ = 226.005 u, atomic of $$_{86}^{222}Rn$$ = 222.000 u, atomic mass of $$\alpha $$ particle = 4.000 u, 1 u = 931 MeV/e², c is speed of the light]