The figure shows a half-wave rectifier with a 475 µF filter capacitor. The load draws a constant current I₀= 1 A from the rectifier. The figure also shows the input voltage V_i , the output voltage V_C and the peak-to-peak voltage ripple on V_C.The input voltage V_i is a triangle-wave with an amplitude of 10 V and a period of 1 ms.

The value of the ripple u (in volts) is ______________.

The diode in the circuit given below has V_ON = 0.7V but is ideal otherwise. The current (in mA) in the 4kΩ resistor is __________.

In the circuit shown below, assume that the voltage drop across a forward biased diode is 0.7V. The thermal voltage V_t = kT/q = 25mV. The small signal input v_i = V_P cos ($$\omega t$$) where V_P = 100mV. The ac output voltage v_ac is

In the circuit shown below, assume that the voltage drop across a forward biased diode is 0.7V. The thermal voltage V_t = kT/q = 25mV. The small signal input v_i = V_P cos ($$\omega t$$) where V_P = 100mV. The bias current I_DC through the diodes is