If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by

Two 4-ray signal constellations are shown. It is given that $${\phi _1}$$ and $${\phi _2}$$ constitute an orthonormal basis for the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are equiprobable. Let $${{{N_0}} \over 2}$$ denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian noise.

The ratio of the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of Constellation 2 is

Two 4-ray signal constellations are shown. It is given that $${\phi _1}$$ and $${\phi _2}$$ constitute an orthonormal basis for the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are equiprobable. Let $${{{N_0}} \over 2}$$ denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian noise.

If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN channel, then which of the following statements is true?

If the Laplace transform of a signal y(t) is $$Y\left(s\right)\;=\;\frac1{s\left(s\;-\;1\right)}$$ , then its final value is: