Consider a linear system whose state space Representation is $$\mathop x\limits^ \bullet \left( t \right) = AX\left( t \right).$$
If the initial state vector of the system is $$x\left( 0 \right) = \left[ {\matrix{ 1 \cr { - 2} \cr } } \right],$$
then the system response is $$x\left( t \right) = \left[ {\matrix{ {{e^{ - 2t}}} \cr { - 2{e^{ - 2t}}} \cr } } \right].$$
If the initial state vector of the system changes to $$x\left( 0 \right) = \left[ {\matrix{ 1 \cr { - 1} \cr } } \right],$$
then the system response becomes $$x\left( t \right) = \left[ {\matrix{ {{e^{ - t}}} \cr { - {e^{ - t}}} \cr } } \right].$$

The eigen value and eigen vector pairs $$\left( {{\lambda _{i,}}{V_i}} \right)$$ for the system are

The state space representation of a separately excited DC servo motor dynamics is given as $$$\left[ {\matrix{ {{{d\omega } \over {dt}}} \cr {{{d{i_a}} \over {dt}}} \cr } } \right] = \left[ {\matrix{ { - 1} & 1 \cr { - 1} & { - 10} \cr } } \right]\left[ {\matrix{ \omega \cr {{i_a}} \cr } } \right] + \left[ {\matrix{ 0 \cr {10} \cr } } \right]u.$$$

Where 'ω' is the speed of the motor, 'i_a' is the armature current and u is the armature voltage. The transfer function $${{\omega \left( s \right)} \over {U\left( s \right)}}$$ of the motor is

X = 01110 and Y = 11001 are two 5-bit binary numbers represented in two’s complement format. The sum of X and Y represented in two’s complement format using 6 bits is:

The circuit diagram of a standard TTL NOT gate is shown in the figure. When $${V_i}$$= 2.5V, the modes of operation of the transistors will be: