For the BJT circuit shown, assume that the $$\beta $$ of the transistor is very large and V_BE = 0.7 V. The mode of operation of the BJT is

During transmission over a certain binary communication channel, bit errors occurs independently with probability p. The probability of at most one bit in error in a block of n bits is given by

In a Direct sequence CDMA system the chip rate is $$1.2288\,\, \times \,\,{10^6}$$ chips per second. If the processing gain is desired to be at least 100. The data rate

Two 4-ray signal constellations are shown. It is given that $${\phi _1}$$ and $${\phi _2}$$ constitute an orthonormal basis for the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are equiprobable. Let $${{{N_0}} \over 2}$$ denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian noise.

The ratio of the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of Constellation 2 is