The figure shows surface XY separating two transparent media, medium -1 and medium -2 . The lines ab and cd represent wavefronts of a light wave traveling in medium -1 and incident on X Y. The lines ef and gh represent wavefronts of the light wave in medium -2 after refraction.

The phases of the light wave at $$c, d, e$$ and $$f$$ are $$\phi_c, \phi_d, \phi_{e}$$ and $$\phi_{f}$$ respectively.

It is given that $$\phi_{c} \neq \phi_{f}$$.

In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a concave mirror by the u-v method, a student places the object pin A on the principal axis at a distance x form the pole P. The student looks at the pin and its inverted image form a distance keeping his/her eye in line with PA. When the student shifts his/her eye towards left, the image appears to the right, oh the object pin. Then,

A ray of light travelling in water in incident on its surface open to air. The angle of incidence is $$\theta$$, which is less than the critical angle. Then there will be

Statement 1 :

The formula connecting u, v and f for a spherical mirror is valid only for mirrors whose sizes are very small compared to their radii of curvature.

Statement 2 :

Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane surfaces, but not for large spherical surfaces.