A state variable system
$$\mathop X\limits^ \bullet \left( t \right) = \left( {\matrix{ 0 & 1 \cr 0 & { - 3} \cr } } \right)X\left( t \right) + \left( {\matrix{ 1 \cr 0 \cr } } \right)u\left( t \right)$$ with the initial condition $$X\left( 0 \right) = {\left[ { - 1\,\,3} \right]^T}$$ and the unit step input $$u(t)$$ has

The state transition matrix

A state variable system
$$\mathop X\limits^ \bullet \left( t \right) = \left( {\matrix{ 0 & 1 \cr 0 & { - 3} \cr } } \right)X\left( t \right) + \left( {\matrix{ 1 \cr 0 \cr } } \right)u\left( t \right)$$ with the initial condition $$X\left( 0 \right) = {\left[ { - 1\,\,3} \right]^T}$$ and the unit step input $$u(t)$$ has

The state transition equation

The state variable description of a linear autonomous system is, $$\mathop X\limits^ \bullet = AX,\,\,$$ where $$X$$ is the two dimensional state vector and $$A$$ is the system matrix given by $$A = \left[ {\matrix{ 0 & 2 \cr 2 & 0 \cr } } \right].$$ The roots of the characteristic equation are

The following equation defines a separately exited $$dc$$ motor in the form of a differential equation $${{{d^2}\omega } \over {d{t^2}}} + {{B\,d\omega } \over {j\,\,dt}} + {{{K^2}} \over {LJ}}\omega = {K \over {LJ}}{V_a}$$

The above equation may be organized in the state space form as follows
$$\left( {\matrix{ {{{{d^2}\omega } \over {d{t^2}}}} \cr {{{d\omega } \over {dt}}} \cr } } \right) = P\left( {\matrix{ {{{d\omega } \over {dt}}} \cr \omega \cr } } \right) + Q{V_a}$$

where the $$P$$ matrix is given by