In the van der Waal's equation (P + $${{{n^2}a} \over {{V^2}}}$$)(V - nb) = nRT the constant 'a' reflects the actual volume of the gas molecules.

A gas bulb of 1 litre capacity contains 2.0 $$\times$$ 10²¹ molecules of nitrogen exerting a pressure of 7.57 $$\times$$ 10³ Nm^-2. Calculate the root mean square (r.m.s) speed and the temparature of the gas molecules. If the ratio of the most probable speed to the root mean square speed is 0.82, calculate the most probable speed for these molecules at this temparature.

Ca²⁺ has a small ionic radius than K⁺ because it has ______.

Give briefly the isolation of magnesium from sea water by the Dow process. Give equations for the steps involved.