Ca²⁺ has a small ionic radius than K⁺ because it has ______.

Give briefly the isolation of magnesium from sea water by the Dow process. Give equations for the steps involved.

What weight of the non-volatile solute, urea(NH₂ - CO - NH₂) needs to be dissolved in 100g of water, in order to decrease the vapour pressure of water by 25%? What will be the molality of the solution?

The standard reduction potential for the half-cell
$$NO_3^-$$ + 2H⁺ (aq) + e $$\to$$ NO₂ (g) + H₂O is 0.78 V
(i) Calculate the reduction potential in 8 M H⁺
(ii) What will be the reduction potential of the half-cell in a neutral solution? Assume all the other species to be at unit concentration.