Under orthogonal cutting condition, a turning operation is carried out on a metallic workpiece at a cutting speed of 4 m/s. The orthogonal rake angle of the cutting tool is 5º. The uncut chip thickness and width of cut are 0.2 mm and 3 mm, respectively. In this turning operation, the resulting friction angle and shear angle are 45º and 25º, respectively. If the dynamic yield shear strength of the workpiece material under this cutting condition is 1000 MPa, then the cutting force is _______ N (round off to one decimal place).

A 1 mm thick cylindrical tube, 100 mm in diameter, is orthogonally turned such that the entire wall thickness of the tube is cut in a single pass. The axial feed of the tool is 1 m/minute and the specific cutting energy (u) of the tube material is 6 J/mm³. Neglect contribution of feed force towards power. The power required to carry out this operation is _________ kW (round off to one decimal place).

During the turning of a $$20$$ $$mm-$$diameter steel bar at a spindle speed of $$400$$ $$rpm,$$ a tool life of $$20$$ minute is obtained. When the same bar is turned at $$200$$ $$rpm,$$ the tool life becomes $$60$$ $$minute.$$ Assume that Taylor's tool life equation is valid. When the bar is turned at $$300$$ $$rpm,$$ the tool life (in minute) is approximately

In an orthogonal machining with a tool of $${9^ \circ }$$ orthogonal rake angle, the uncut chip thickness is $$0.2$$ $$mm.$$ The chip thickness fluctuates between $$0.25$$ $$mm$$ and $$0.4$$ $$mm.$$ The ratio of the maximum shear angle to the minimum shear angle during machining is ______________