An orthogonal turning operation is carried out under the following conditions; rake angle $$ = {5^ \circ },$$ spindle rotational speed $$=400$$ $$rpm,$$ axial feed $$=0.4$$ $$m/min$$ and radial depth of $$cut = 5mm$$. The chip thickness, $${t_c},$$ is found to be $$3mm.$$ The shear angle (in degrees) in this turning process is ________________

During pure orthogonal turning operation of a hollow cylindrical pipe, it is found that the thickness of the chip produced is $$0.5mm.$$ The feed given to the zero degree rake angle tool is $$0.2mm/rev.$$ The shear strain produced during the operation is ___________

A cast iron block of $$200$$ $$mm$$ length is being shaped in a shaping machine with a depth of cut of $$4$$ $$mm,$$ feed of $$0.25$$ $$mm/stroke$$ and the tool principal cutting edge angle of $${30^ \circ }.$$ Number of cutting strokes per minutes is $$60.$$ Using specific energy for cutting as $$1.49J/m{m^3},$$ the average power consumption (in Watt) is ___________

Which pair of following statement is correct for orthogonal cutting using a single-point cutting tool?
$$P.$$ reduction in friction angle increases cutting force
$$Q.$$ Reduction in friction angle decreases cutting force
$$R.$$ Reduction in friction angle increases chip thickness
$$S.$$ Reduction in friction angle decreases chip thickness