For a student to qualify, he must pass at least two out of three exams. The probability that he will pass the 1^st exam is $$p.$$ If he fails in one of the exams then the probability of his passing in the next exam is $${p \over 2}$$ otherwise it remains the same. Find the probability that he will qualify.

$$A$$ is targeting to $$B, B$$ and $$C$$ are targeting to $$A.$$ Probability of hitting the target by $$A,B$$ and $$C$$ are $${2 \over 3},{1 \over 2}$$ and $${1 \over 3}$$ respectively. If $$A$$ is hit then find the probability that $$B$$ hits the target and $$C$$ does not.

If $$f$$ is an even function then prove that
$$\int\limits_0^{\pi /2} {f\left( {\cos 2x} \right)\cos x\,dx = \sqrt 2 } \int\limits_0^{\pi /4} {f\left( {\sin 2x} \right)\cos x\,dx.} $$

Prove that there exists no complex number z such that $$\left| z \right| < {1 \over 3}\,and\,\sum\limits_{r = 1}^n {{a_r}{z^r}} = 1$$ where $$\left| {{a_r}} \right| < 2$$.