Consider a base band binary PAM receiver shown below. The additive channel noise $$n(t)$$ is white with power spectral density $${S_N}\left( f \right) = {N_0}/2 = {10^{ - 20}}$$ $$W/Hz$$. The low-pass filter is ideal with unity gain and cut -off frequency $$1MHz$$. Let $${Y_k}$$ represent the random variable $$y\left( {{t_k}} \right)$$.
$${Y_k} = {N_k}$$ if transmitted bit $${b_k} = 0$$
$${Y_k} = a + {N_k}$$ if transmitted bit $${b_k} = 1$$
Where $${b_k} = 0$$ represents the noise sample value. The noise sample has a probability density function, $${P_{{N_k}}}\left( n \right)\,\,\,\,\,\,\, = 0.5\alpha {e^{ - \alpha \left| n \right|}}$$ (This has mean zero and variance $$2/{\alpha ^2}$$). Assume transmitted bits to be equiprobable and threshold $$z$$ is set to $$a/2 = {10^{ - 6}}V$$.

The probability of bit error is

Consider an angle modulated signal x(t) = 6cos[2$$\mathrm\pi$$x10⁶ t+2sin(8000$$\mathrm\pi$$t) + 4cos(8000$$\mathrm\pi$$t)] V. The average power of x(t) is.

The transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the system shown is

A system with the transfer function $${{Y(s)} \over {X(s)}} = {s \over {s + p}},$$ has an output y(t)=$$\cos \left( {2t - {\pi \over 3}} \right),$$ for input signal x(t)=$$p\cos \left( {2t - {\pi \over 2}} \right).$$ Then the system parameter 'p' is