A self commutating switch $$SW,$$ operated at duty cycle $$\delta $$ is used to control the load voltage as shown in the figure

Under steady state operating conditions, the average voltage across the indicator and the capacitor respectively, are

A buck converter feeding a variable resistive load is shown in the figure. The switching frequency of the switch $$S$$ is $$100$$ $$kHz$$ and the duty ratio is $$0.6.$$ The output voltage $${V_0}$$ is $$36$$ $$V.$$ Assume that all the components are ideal, and that the output voltage is ripple-free. The value of $$R$$ (in $$Ohm$$) that will make the inductor current ($${{\rm I}_L}$$) just continuous is _______.

For the switching converter shown in the following figure, assume steady-state operation. Also assume that the components are ideal, the inductor current is always positive and continuous and switching period is $${T_s}.$$ If the voltage $${V_L}$$ is as shown, the duty cycle of the switch $$S$$ is __________.

Figure (i) shows the circuit diagram of a chopper. The switch $$S$$ in the circuit in figure (i) is switched such that the voltage $${V_D}$$ across the diagram as the wave shape as shown in figure (ii). The capacitance $$C$$ is large so that the voltage across it is constant. If switch $$S$$ and the diode are ideal, the peak to peak ripple (in A) in the inductor current is ________.