Phase space diagrams are useful tools in analyzing all kinds of dynamical problems. They are especially useful in studying the changes in motion as initial position and momentum are changed. Here we consider some simple dynamical systems in one-dimension. For such systems, phase space is a plane in which position is plotted along horizontal axis and momentum is plotted along vertical axis. The phase space diagram is x(t) vs. p(t) curve in this plane. The arrow on the curve indicates the time flow. For example, the phase space diagram for a particle moving with constant velocity is a straight line as shown int he figure. We use the sign convention in which position or momentum upwards (or to right) is positive and downwards (or to left) is negative.

Consider the spring-mass system, with the mass submerged in water, as shown in the figure. The phase space diagram for one cycle of this system is

A boy is pushing a ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m with a stick as shown in the figure. The stick applies a force of 2 N on the ring and rolls it without slipping with an acceleration of 0.2 m/s². The coefficient of friction between the ground and the ring is large enough that rolling always occurs and the coefficient of friction between the stick and the ring is (P/10). The value of P is _________.

Four point charges, each of +q, are rigidly fixed at the four corners of a square planar soap film of side a. The surface tension of the soap film is $$\gamma$$. The system of charges and planar film are in equilibrium, and $$a = k{\left[ {{{{q^2}} \over \gamma }} \right]^{1/N}}$$, where k is a constant. Then N is __________.

The activity of a freshly prepared radioactive sample is 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second, whose mean life is 10⁹ s. The mass of an atom of this radioisotope is 10^$$-$$25 kg. The mass (in mg) of the radioactive sample is _________.