Many elements have non-integral atomic masses because:

The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by E = (-21.7 $$\times$$ 10^-12)/n² ergs. Calculate the energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength (in cm) of light that can be used to cause this transition?

On hybridization of one s and one p orbitals we get:

C_p - C_v for an ideal gas is _______