In a common emitter transistor amplifier, the output voltage and input voltage have a phase difference of

If a centre tap transformer is used with two p-n junction diodes for full wave rectification then output voltage of rectifier with respect to each diode is (secondary voltage of transformer $=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$ )

If an alternating voltage is applied across a p-n junction diode in series with a load then

In the following combination of logic gates, the output $Y$ can be written in the terms of inputs $A$ and B as