In an orthogonal machining operation, the cutting and thrust forces are equal in magnitude. The uncut chip thickness is 0.5 mm and the shear angle is 15°. The orthogonal rake angle of the tool is 0° and the width of cut is 2 mm. The workpiece material is perfectly plastic and its yield shear strength is 500 MPa. The cutting force is _______ N (round off to the nearest integer).

Under orthogonal cutting condition, a turning operation is carried out on a metallic workpiece at a cutting speed of 4 m/s. The orthogonal rake angle of the cutting tool is 5º. The uncut chip thickness and width of cut are 0.2 mm and 3 mm, respectively. In this turning operation, the resulting friction angle and shear angle are 45º and 25º, respectively. If the dynamic yield shear strength of the workpiece material under this cutting condition is 1000 MPa, then the cutting force is _______ N (round off to one decimal place).

A 1 mm thick cylindrical tube, 100 mm in diameter, is orthogonally turned such that the entire wall thickness of the tube is cut in a single pass. The axial feed of the tool is 1 m/minute and the specific cutting energy (u) of the tube material is 6 J/mm³. Neglect contribution of feed force towards power. The power required to carry out this operation is _________ kW (round off to one decimal place).

Two cutting tools with tool life equations given below are being compared:
$$\eqalign{ & Tool\,\,1:\,\,\,\,\,\,\,V{T^{0.1}} = 150 \cr & Tool\,\,2:\,\,\,\,\,\,\,V{T^{0.3}} = 300 \cr} $$
where $$V$$ is cutting speed in $$m/minute$$ and $$T$$ is tool life in minutes. The breakeven cutting speed beyond which Tool $$2$$ will have a higher tool life is _______________ $$m/minute$$.