Consider a unity-gain feedback control system whose open-loop transfer function is G(s)=$${{as + 1} \over {{s^2}}}$$.

With the value of "a" set for phase-margin of $$\pi $$/4, the value of unit-impulse response of the open-loop system at t = 1 second is equal to

The transfer function of a phase-lead compensator is given by $${G_c}(s) = {{1 + 3Ts} \over {1 + Ts}}$$

where T > 0. The maximum phase-shift provided by such a compesator is

A linear system is described by the following state equation $$$\mathop x\limits^ \bullet \left( t \right) = AX\left( t \right) + BU\left( t \right),A = \left[ {\matrix{ 0 & 1 \cr { - 1} & 0 \cr } } \right].$$$
The state-transition matrix of the system is

A new Binary Coded Pentary (BCP) number system is proposed in which every digit of a base-5 number is represented by its corresponding 3-bit binary code. For example, the base-5 number 24 will be represented by its BCP code 010100. In this numbering system, the BCP code 100010011001 corresponds to the following number in base-5 system