A source generates three symbols with probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.50 at a rate of 3000 symbols per second. Assuming independent generation of symbols, the most efficient source encoder would have average bit rate as

The minimum step-size required for a Delta-Modulator operating at 32 K samples/sec to track the signal (here u(t) is the unit-step function)

x(t) = 125t(u(t) - u (t - 1) + (250 - 125t) (u (t - 1) - u (t - 2 )) so that slope - overload is avoided, would be

In the following figure the minimum value of the constant “C”, which is to be added to y₁(t) such that y₁(t) and y₂(t) are different, is

The diagonal clipping in Amplitude Demodulation (using envelope detector) can be avoided if RC time-constant of the envelope detector satisfies the following condition, (here W is message bandwidth and ω_c is carrier frequency both in rad/sec)