In an orthogonal cutting operation on a work piece of width $$2.5mm,$$ the uncut chip thickness was $$0.25$$ $$mm$$ and the tool rake angle was $$0$$(zero) degrees. It was observed that the chip thickness was $$1.25mm.$$ The cutting force was measured to be $$900N$$ and the thrust force was found to be $$450N.$$ Find the mean shear strength of the work piece material and if the coefficient of friction between the chip and the tool was $$0.5,$$ what is the machining constant.

Determine the Merchants constant $$'C'$$ (shear angle relation) for aluminium from the following orthogonal machining data. Rake angle $${35^ \circ }$$ and an uncut chip thickness $$0.15mm,$$ the values of $${F_c}$$ and $${F_t}$$ are found to be $$200$$ and $$90$$ $$N$$ respectively. The average chip thickness is also measured and found to be $$0.3$$ $$mm,$$ width of cut $$2.5mm$$ and cutting velocity $$30m/min.$$

Calculate the $$MRR$$ and Specific cutting pressure for the following cutting conditions
Work material : steel,
Tool material : $$HSS,$$
Depth of cut : $$1.6mm,$$
Feed : $$0.8mm/rev$$
Cutting speed $$=5.5m/min$$ and power consumed $$=0.67$$ $$kW$$

Find the percentage change in cutting speed required to give a $$50\% $$ reduction in tool life (that is required tool life is half of the original tool life ) when the value of the tool life exponent $$n=0.125$$ or $$1/8$$.