A horizontal bar, fixed at one end (x = 0), has a length of 1 m, and cross-sectional area of 100 mm². Its elastic modulus varies along its length as given by E(x) = 100 e^-x GPa, Where x is the length coordinate (in m) along the axis of the bar. An axial tensile load of 10 kN is applied at the free end (x=1). The axial displacement of the free end is _______ mm.

In the figure, the load P = 1 N, length L = 1 m, Young’s modulus E = 70 GPa, and the cross-section of the links is a square with dimension 10 mm $$ \times $$ 10 mm. All joints are pin joints.

The stress (in Pa) in the link AB is _______.

$$(Indicate\,\,compressive\,\,stress\,\,by\,\,a\,\,negative\,$$
$$\,sign\,\,and\,\,tensile\,\,stress\,\,by\,\,a\,\,positive\,\,sign)$$

A circular metallic rod of length 250 mm is placed between two rigid immovable walls as shown in the figure. The rod is in perfect contact with the wall on the left side and there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the rod and the wall on the right side. If the temperature of the rod is increased by 200^oC, the axial stress developed in the rod is __________ MPa.

Young’s modulus of the material of the rod is 200 GPa and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 10⁻⁵ per ^oC.

A hypothetical engineering stress-strain curve shown in the figure has three straight lines PQ, QR, RS with coordinates P(0,0), Q(0.2,100), R(0.6,140) and S(0.8,130). 'Q' is the yield point, 'R' is the UTS point and 'S' the fracture point.

The tougness of the material (in MJ/m³) is __________.