A 66 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 150 km long overhead transmission line is open circuited at the receiving end. Each conductor has a resistance of 0.25$$\Omega $$/km, an inductive reactance of 0.5$$\Omega $$/km and a capacitive admittance to neutral of 0.04 $$ \times $$ 10^-4 S/km.

(a) Draw the nominal π-equivalent circuit and indicate the value of each parameter.
(b) Calculate the receiving end voltage if the sending end voltage is 66 kV.

Each conductor of a $$33$$ $$kV,$$ $$3$$ phase system is suspended by a string of three similar insulators. The ratio of shunt capacitance to mutual capacitance is $$0.1.$$ Calculate the voltage across each insulator, and the string efficiency.

A factory draws $$100$$ kW at $$0.7$$ p.f. lagging from a $$3$$-phase, $$11$$ kV supply. It is desired to the p.f. to $$0.95$$ lagging using series capacitors. Calculate the rating of the capacitor required.

The increase in resistance due to non-uniform distribution of current in a conducto $$r$$ is known as _______effect