In a series regulated power supply circuit, the voltage gain A_v of the ‘pass’ transistor satisfies the condition:

For a given data rate, the bandwidth B_p of a BPSK signal and the band width B₀ of the OOK signal are related as

In a PCM system with uniform quantization, increasing the number of bits from 8 to 9 will reduce the quantization noise power by a factor of

Quadrature multiplexing is