From a measurement of the rise time of the output pulse of an amplifier whose input is a small amplitude square wave, one can estimate the following parameter of the amplifier:

For full wave rectification, a four diode bridge rectifier is claimed to have the following advantages over a two diode circuit:

(1) less expensive transformer

(2) smaller size transformer, and

(3) suitability for higher voltage application.

Of these,

The emitter coupled pair of BJT’s gives a linear transfer relation between the differential output voltage and the differential input voltage V_id only. When the magnitude of V_id is less than '$$\alpha$$' times the thermal voltage, where '$$\alpha$$' is

One input terminal of high gain comparator circuit is connected to ground and a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the other input. The output of comparator will be