All transmission line sections shown in Fig. have characteristic impedance $${R_0}\, + \,j0$$. The input impedance $${Z_{in}}$$ equals

The wavelength of a wave with propagation constant $$\left( {0.1\,\pi + j\,0.2\pi } \right){m^{ - 1}}$$ is

The intrinsic impedance of copper at high frequencies is

The depth of penetration of a wave in a lossy dielectric increases with increasing